Alto Andino Nature 

Resources for the Andes and elsewhere 

  flora

Mastigostyla

Wildflower Samplers east of Arica:     Alpine plants in Lauca    Atacama Desert flora   Atacama Desert arroyo

Botanizing and alpine wildflower tours or guide service           

Chile BosqueBienvenidos a este proyecto dedicado a difundir, conocer y disfrutar de la diversa flora nativa de Chile.  "En Chilebosque.cl encontrarás fichas con información y fotografías para conocer más de 463 diferentes tipos de árboles, arbustos, hierbas, geófitas, cactus, enredaderas, epífitas, helechos terrestres, helechos película, líquenes y musgos de los diversos ecosistemas del país.  This is a great site, updated all the time, with active and enthusiastic participants, committed to the conservation of the forests and flora of Chile.  Also a good site for links to other sites on Chile flora.  Has a message board.  

Download a free copy of :  Plantas Amenazadas del Centro-Sur de ChileDistribución, Conservación y Propagación”

Free download of Manual de Recolleción de semillas de plantas silvestres”.  Boletin INIA  #110.  ISSN 0717-4829.  How to collect seeds from wild plants.  With participation of Government of Chile and KEW Millenium Seed Bank Project.

Welcome to the Rapid Color Guides page.
Whether taken to the field or used only on a computer screen, such guides fill a gap in the published material available to identify live species growing in tropical lands. Most of these guides are designed for use in the field, and, after free downloading, all can be printed out from the high-quality PDF files to make two-sided plastic coated sheets.  Very helpful are the posters on plants from Arequipa, western slope of Peru, Cuzco, etc. 
Over 50 posters available for Peru, also for Mexico, USA, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, etc.  Plants, animals.  Incredible resource from the Field Museum.  


Arboles y Arbustos para Sistemas Agroforestales en Los Valles Interandinos de Santa Cruz, Bolivia.  Guia de Campo. 
IG Vargas, A Lawrence, ME Otazu.  2000.  ISBN 99905-801-1-1.   Some photos and line drawings, text, maps, whole-page line drawings.  140 pp.   

Arboles y Arbustos del Valle Sagrado de Los Incas.  Trees and Bushes from the Sacred Valley of the Incas.  G. Cassinelli del Sante.  2000.  ISBN-9972-9172-0-7.  102 pp.  Color photographs, maps, descriptions of geographical regions from sea to selva.  In Spanish and English.   

Flora Genérica de los Páramos:  Guía Illustrada de las Plantas Vasculares 
P. Sklenár, JL Luteyn, C Ulloa Ulloa, PM Jorgensen, MO Dillon.  Memiors of the New York Botanical Garden.  2005.  ISBN 0-89327-468-2.  499 pp.  En castellano. "Este libro provee claves e identificacion, descipciones, areas de districucion e ilustraciones de las 127 families y los 540 generos de plantas vascularde reconocidos hasta el momento en el paramo."

Un Compañero Neotropical:  Una introducción a los animales, plantas, y ecosistemas del Trópico del Nuevo Mundo
.
  John Kricher.  2006.  ISBN 1-878788-50-7 Editores de la versión en Español  Alvaro Jaramillo y Luis Segura.  "De vez en cuando un pensamiento llega a la mente como un relámpago.  Así llegó la idea de traducir al español la reconocida obra de John Kricher.  A Neotropical Companion.   Translation of the 2nd edicion of this classic.  437 pp.  Published by American Birding Association.  


Cactaceas en la flora silvestre de Chile
.  Segunda Edicion.  AE Hoffman J. and HE Walter M.  Illustrations by Andrés Jullián    2004.  ISBN  956-7743-05-3.  Updated version of the previous edition.  Now now in line with IOS decisions on taxonomy.  Ediciones Fundacion Claudio Gay, Santiago. 

Illustrated Guide to Trees of PeruTD Pennington, C Reynel, A Daza. Drawings by Rosemary Wise.   2004.  ISBN 0 9538134 3 6.  848 pages and chock full of keys, line diagrams, essential information.  "This book aims to give an up-to-date look at the tree flora, in which all the genera are described.  It attempts to highlight those groups where there are still gaps in our knowledge, and hopefully will stimulate further interest and study of this exceptionally interesting flora.  The starting point for designing its scope was the Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru...................  The identification keys to families and genera have also been tested against several thousand of our own collection".   (from page 8 of the introduction).  Published by David Hunt, England.  

A Tour of the Flowering Plants:  based on the Classification System of the Angiosperm Phylogeny group
.   Priscilla Spears.  2006.  ISBN 1-930723-48-2.  English.  Helpful book for those planning to use the new classification system for angiosperms, comes with CD and has useful appendices with (A) outline of flowering plant families and (B) Genus to common name, family, and order listing. Missouri Botanical Garden Press.    Also see website "Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 8, June 2007 [and more or less continuously updated since]." will do. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.     "The focus of this site is on angiosperms, although treatments of gymnosperm groups were added in 2005. Emphasis is placed on plant families because they are the groups - admittedly partly arbitrary as to circumscription, but now for the most part monophyletic - around which many of us organize our understanding of plant diversity".  


Flores de Alta Montaña de los Andes Patagonicos   High Mountain Flowers of the Patagonia Andes
.  Marcela Ferreyra, Cecilia Ezcurra, Sonia Clayton.  2006.  In English and Spanish,  239pp.  color photos. "This field guide was conceived as a tool for the identification of the main species of high-mountain vascular plants of the Patagonian Andes from the Province of Neuquén to the Province of Santa Cruz, in Argentina."  Descriptions of 170 species of plants, botanical descriptions, maps.  Informative and will be very useful for anyone interested in the high Andes.   Editorial LOLA http://www.lola-online.com  


Tillandsia del Norte de Chile y del Extremo Sur de Perú.   Raquel Pinto.  2005.  ISBN: 956-299-730-8.  Species of Tillandsia covered: T. Capillaris, T. virescens, T. geissei, T. landbeckii, T. marconae, T. purpurea, T. tragophoba, T. usneoides, T. wedermannii.  Another of Raquel Pinto's lovely and informative books over vegetation of northern Chile.  Includes photos and descriptions of the various species, plus flora and fauna associated.  Range maps, conservation themes, etc.  Contact the author to purchase this truly beautiful book.  raquelpinto@vtr.net


Quinoa:  Chenopodium quinoa 
   "Quinoa (pronounced keen-wah) is a crop that, although recently "discovered" by agricultural researchers from industrialized societies, has been grown for many thousands of years in the mountains of South America. It's been a major crop in the Andes mountains since 3,000 B.C.".........."From a nutritional standpoint, quinoa has almost an almost perfectly balanced amino acid composition for human use. It has a high content of calcium, phosphorus, and iron and is low in sodium. A half cup of quinoa has 374 calories, 13 grams of protein, and six grams of fat, but less than one gram of saturated fat."

Land Above the Trees: a guide to American Alpine Tundra,  4th edition.  Ann Zwinger and Beatrice Willard, 1996. ISBN 1-55566-171-8.  Originally published in 1972.  Alpine habitats beyond the field guide: alpine tundra, plant and animal adaptations, alpine heath, alpine marsh, talus and scree slopes, fellfields, snowbed communities, etc.  With line drawings, useful glossary and good bibliography.  A wonderful resource which deals specifically with high elevation habitats in the lower 48 states of the US, although of course the ecological principles apply world-wide. 

The Giant Horsetails, Chad Husby's site on this giant plant.  He quotes Richard Spruce in Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes  1908:  "But the most remarkable plant in the forest of Canelos is a gigantic Equisetum, 20 feet high, and the stem nearly as thick as the wrist!...It extends for a distance of a mile on a plain bordering the Pastasa, but elevated some 200 feet above it, where at every few steps one sinks over the knees in black, white, and red mud.  A wood of young larches may give you an idea of its appearance.  I have never seen anything which so much astonished me.  I could almost fancy myself in some primeval forest of Calamites , and if some gigantic Saurian had suddenly appeared, crushing its way among the succulent stems, my surprise could hardly have been increased."    All you could want to know about the giant horsetails (which are plentiful in Arica and the transverse valleys here in the northern Atacama).  

Botanical Link of the Day
just what it says, worldwide plant-oriented web sites, Dr. Scott D. Russell of the University of Oklahoma sends the URL each day, (since 1996!) or if you don't want more email, you can refer to his web site from time to time.  Very welcome free service.

Flores del Desierto de Chile   Wildflowers of the Chilean Desert   Sebastian Teillier A, Herman Zepeda F, Patricia Garcia V.  1998  ISBN  956-7173-22-2  In English and Spanish.  Seventy-three flowers included, with large photos, classified by color of flower, habitat photos and discussions of habitat and plant forms and adaptations of desert flora,  useful for the species in the Atacama Desert south of Antofagasto, although many of the genera are present in the far north near Arica.  

One River: Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest
,  Wade Davis, 1996.  ISBN 0-684-80886-2  From the back cover: "In 1941, Professor Richard Evans Schultes took a leave from Harvard and disappeared into the Amazon, where he spent the next 12 years mapping uncharted rivers and living among dozens of Indian tribes.  In the 1970's he sent 2 prize students, Tim Plowman and Wade Davis, to follow in his footsteps and unveil the botanical secret of coca............. a sacred plant know to the Inca as the Divine Leaf of Immortality. A stunning account of adventure and discovery, betrayal and destruction, One River is a story of two generations of explorers drawn together by the transcendent knowledge of Indian peoples, the visionary realms of the shaman, and the extraordinary plants that sustain all life in a forest that once stood immense and inviolable."    Touchstone, Simon & Schuster   A book you'll never quite finish, you'll read and reread. What a story.

Alpine Plant Life:  Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems
, C. Korner.  1999.  ISBN 3-540-65438-0     From the preface of this textbook:  "One of the largest natural biological experiments, perhaps the only one replicated across all latitudes and all climatic regions, is uplift of the landscape and exposure of organisms to dramatic climatic gradientes over a very short distance, otherwise only seen over thousands of kilometers of poleward traveling.  Generations of plant scientists have beeh fascinated by these natural test areas, and have explored plant and ecosystem responses to alpine life conditions, Alpine Plant Life is an attempt at a synthesis."  Springer-Verlag

Gayana Botanica    Publication of the Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción.  "La revista Gayana Botanica, dedicada al naturalista francés Claudio Gay (1800-1873), es el órgano oficial de Ediciones de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile, para la publicación de resultados de investigaciones originales en las áreas de la botánica."  Articles online starting with Vol 57. 2000.

Diversidad Florística del Norte de Perú 
  Tomo I,  1999.  ISBN  ?  by Sagástegui, Dillon, Sánchez V., Leiva G., Lezama A.   With beautiful photos and short descriptions of 185 selected plant species, this book introduces the flora of six of the northerly areas of Peru:  Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, Cajamarca; Amazonas; La Libertad; San Martin.  Contents:  El Perú, causas de su biodiversidad y endemismos;  Areas protegidos del Norte de Peru; Gimnospermas;  Angiosperms; Literatura citada.  Included  here to encourage sales of this book that is apparently the first of an ambitious series.  Published by the World Wildlife Fund, and Fondo Editorial Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego (Trujillo Peru) with economic support of the Oficina del Programa Perú del Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza.     Tomo II is now available, Diversidad floristica del Norte de Perú, Bosque Montanos.  "The second in series in Spanish, treating the flors of the montane forests of northern Peru, illustrating flowering plant diversity in seven departments.  Over 75 families are illustrated with full-page color photographs of habitats, plant habit, and flower close-ups."  Both of these volumes can be ordered from www.sacha.org

An online course in systematic botany, in Spanish.  "Este es un curso de botánica sistemática que pone su énfasis en el estudio de las plantas nativas de Chile y de las plantas ornamentales de uso frecuente en nuestro país."  An online course for systematic botany, in Spanish, presented by Prof. Sebastián Teillier, of the Universidad Central de Chile, Stgo. An incredible resource for learning about the taxonomy of Chilean flora.  

Hongos de Chile: Atlas Micologico, Waldo Lazo, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Chile.  2001.  ISBN 956-19-0337-7.  Chile's mushrooms and fungi:  Description, habitat, distribution, glossary, identification key for genera and species, large photos with photo site identified.   Salesianos SA

Flora de los Andes de Coquimbo:  Cordillera de Doña Ana
. F. Squeo, R. Osorio, G. Arancio. 1994.  ISBN956-7393-01-X.  Maps of the region of Coquimbo, 111 color photos of flowers both habitat and closeups, some keys, about a half a page of text on each species, glossary, bibliography, Spanish.  Ediciones Universidad de La Serena.  http://www.biouls.cl   Very helpful for species above about 3,000 masl, at about 26-32º S latitude in Chile. Many of the genera also are found in the Lauca area.  

Libro Rojo de la Flora Nativa y de los Sitios Prioritarios para su conservación:  Regiòn de Coquimbo.  F. Squeo, G. Arancio, J.R. Guttièrrezditores.   2001.  ISBN 956-7393-12-2.  Lots of data over threatened endemics, colored photos, comes with CD rom. In Spanish. Ediciones Universidad de La Serena.  Can be ordered online at http://www.biouls.cl

Plantas medicinales silvestres de uso tradicional en la localidad de Paposo, Costa del Desierto de Atacama, II Región, Chile,  Guido Gutierrez G.and Leonel Lazo Salinas.  1996.  ISBN? In Spanish.  Maps, medicinal plants and their historic uses in the Paposa area (just south of Antofagasto and north of Taltal).  Great bibliography of old resources.  From the Introduction " El presente trabajo tiende a proyectar a la comunidad nortina los principales rasgos natuales e historicos culturales de los habitates del Paposo, único patrimonio étnico en la costa del Desierto de Atacama, que aun mantiene viva una rica tradición herbolaria en la segunda región de nuestro país, fundamentado en la utilización de cerca de ochenta plantas con fines medicinales que se administran en la actualidad en esta comunidad conforme a conocimientos y experiencias originadas,, presumiblemente, en la prehistoria y colonia."  

Flora Nativa de valor ornamental, identificacion y propagacion
  (Central Chile)  by Paulina Riedemann and Gustavo Aldunate, 2001.  ISBN 956-13-1737-0.  Published by Editorial Andres Bello, Avda. Ricardo Lyon 946, Providencia, Santiago de Chile. Dealing with  the central part of Chile, this new book is first in a series which will cover the whole country. The volume has 2 parts, one of which is a 134 page section on trails and roads in the central region.  Trails are graded on difficulty, length, and included are lists of the trees, bushes and flowers you'll find along the way.  The larger volume contains photos, descriptions of the trees, flowers, bushes, and vines, and includes tips on propagation.  Text in Spanish.

Flora Nativa de valor ornamental, identificacion y propagacion  (Northern Chile coastal) Paulina Riedemann, Gustavo Aldunate and Sebastián Teillier.  2006.  ISBN 956-299-432-5.   This is the third in the series which will cover Chile.  Like other volumes, it comes in 2 parts, one with information over identification and propagation of wild plants, (including ferns, cacti) and the second part contains information over foot trails and roads that lead to the vegetation and habitats discussed. Note that the book covers mostly coastal areas, with the emphasis on Chile's 3rd region.  Can be ordered (costs about 42.000 pesos) from Corporacion Parque y Centro Cultural Botanico Chagual.  Vitacura, Santiago, Chile. email: mvlegassa@gmail.com 


Le Jardin Botanique Alpin du Lautaret the results of their botanical expedition to Chile.  Many photos of Chilean wildflowers, list by families, very helpful.  

"The Andean Botanical Information System (ABIS) presents information from floristic and systematic investigations of the flowering plants (phanerogams) of Andean South America. Topics include selected geographic regions and groups of Andean plants, flora of coastal Peru and Chile, floristic inventories from a variety of habitats in northern Peru, bibliographic resources, and searchable databases." It will take you days to see all of what this site has to offer.  

Chloris Chilensis, Revista Chilena de Flora y Vegetacion.  Online journal with keys for identification of Ranunculus, Chenopodium, Paraveraceae, Convolvulaceae, lists of plants in varous areas, new species for Chile, always worth checking out the new issues. 

The data sheet for the Lomas Formations of the Atacama Desert, part of the Smithsonian Institution Project Centres of Plant Diversity, this section  "deals with the Americas, and contains six sites in North America, 20 in Middle America, 46 in South America, and three in the Caribbean. This web version of the printed volume contains all the same material, with an easy-to-use search engine and additional pictures. The 75 sites have been selected partly on the basis of floristic studies, but especially with reference to the detailed knowledge of over 100 botanists familiar with this region. The Data Sheet for each site is set within a regional context, outlining wider patterns of plant distributions, threats and conservation efforts. Additional sites are mentioned in each of the regional overviews. The Regional Overviews include very useful tables giving information on species richness and endemism, floristic diversity and endemism by region, degree of threat to CPD sites, and an analysis of the conservation status of CPD sites. The rationale for the project is the concern about the rapid global loss and degradation of natural ecosystems and the urgent need to highlight areas of pristine botanical importance, with the hope that these will receive adequate levels of resources to ensure their protection."

Central Andean dry puna (NT1001). One of the World Wildlife series on "ecoregions".  Some of these reports are more inclusive than others in the same series.  "This ecoregion is a very dry, high elevation montane grassland and herbaceous community of the southern high Andes, extending through western Bolivia and northern Chile and Argentina. The vegetation is characteristically tropical alpine herbs with dwarf shrubs, and occurs above 3500 m between the tree-line and the permanent snow-line. Dry puna is distinguished from other types of puna............ "  Also check out Atacama desert (NT1303), in the same series.  Be sure to click the link to  the "scientific report" (at the bottom of their page) as the preliminary paragraphs presented are sketchy. 

Columnar Cactus:  This web site is the result of a collaboration between Tony Mace of Ansty, West Sussex, UK and Bob Ressler of Stockton, California, USA, who share an obsession with the giant tree like cacti which are represented in banner of the Cactus Mall. Unfortunately because of their size they are not as well known as many of the more miniature globular cacti.   Emphasis on cultivated cacti. 

Historía Natural de un Valle en los Andes:  La Paz.  Eduardo Forno, Mario Baudoin. 1991. Paperback, 559 pp. Edited by Instituto de Ecología - UMSA, Casilla de Correo Central 10077, La Paz, Bolivia. Deposito Legal No. 4-1-34-91.  Ecology of a high altitude valley in Bolivia that has much in common with the precordillera and altiplano near Putre.  Climate, birds, mammals, fish, plants, trees, amphibians, reptiles, butterflies,  mosses, aquatic vegetation, aquatic invertebrates, bees and other pollinators.  Good descriptions of bofedales. Bibliography. In Spanish.  A possible source for this book is  nhbs.co.uk/index.html at least they used to have it, you might have to make a special request or try to get it from the Natural History Museum in La Paz.   

Flores del Norte Chico, 2a edición.  1985  By Melica Muñoz Schick.   ISBN ?  Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos, 1985  Inscription No. 62.208.  Photos (closeups and habitat) and descriptions of 66 species found at the latitude between about 27 to 35 S.

Geografía del Perú:  Las ocho regiones naturales, La regionalización transversal, La sabiduría ecológica tradicional.  by Javier Pulgar Vidal, 10th edition, 1996, PEISA.  ISBN 9972-40-027-3  Divides Peru into 8 ecological regions, and introduces each area's flora, fauna, geography, culture, climate.  Very interesting volume which even discusses the Quechuan roots of the vocabulary.  Chala o Costa; Yunga; Quechua; Suni; Puna; Janca; Rupa-Rupa;  Omagua.  In Spanish.

Conserving the Biological Diversity of the Polylepis woodlands of the highlands of Peru and Bolivia: A Contribution to Sustainable Natural Resource Management in the Andes.  Fjeldsa and Kessler 1996.  ISBN 87-986168-0-3.  Financed by NORDECO, Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology, Copenhagen, Denmark.   Deforestation in the high Andes. This book is important also for Chile, as several birds in northern Chile are strongly specialized to Polylepis, including the giant conebill, thick-billed siskin, and other little-known birds in northern Chile use Polylepis seasonally  -- the rufous webbed bush tyrant, tamarugo conebill, and D'orbigny's chat tyrant among them. In Chile, Polylepis is going fast. The book is required reading for those interested in altiplano ecology and should be distributed widely for use by government agencies,  NGOs, Peace Corps, and others developing environmental and reforestation projects. Has key to the many species of Polylepis, lists of birds recorded in Polylepis (with localities), priorities for collection of biological data, extent of existing Polylepis forests in Peru and Bolivia (with lat. and long.), descriptions of other high altitude trees, historical distribution, evolution of Polylepis, etc.  Extensive bibliography. 

Páramos: a checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution, and botanical literature:  James Luteyn, 1999.   ISBN 0-89327-427-5  Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Vol 84.  Lichens, mosses, hepatics, vascular plants, aso gazetteer of Páramo localities. Although directed to the páramo area of the Andes, (wetter than the Lauca puna habitat) many of the same genera are present in Chile.  Worth buying for the bibliography.  Source for book at the scientific publications department of the New York Botanical Garden  nybg.org  

Oasis de Niebla: El Niño 1997 by Raquel Pinto. 1999. Registro Propiedad Intelectual Inscripcion no. 111.961, Santiago de Chile.  We've all heard of cloud forests, but this book deals with a little-known phenomenon on the coast of the Atacama desert which the author terms "fog oases".  The precipitation falls only in certain years usually connected with ENSO. From the book jacket:  "She roamed over the higher tops of the Iquique coastal hills searching for wildflowers. She found over 70 plants species on the hills overlooking the ocean."  From the coast these hills look completely barren. The highest number of species were found in 3 families:  Solanaceae, Nolanaceae, and Portulaceae.  Photographs with text in English and Spanish.  Available from the author who lives in Iquique:  raquelpinto@vtr.net

A Cactus Odyssey: Journeys in the wilds of Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina by James Mauseth, Roberto Kiesling, Carlos Ostolaza, 2002. ISBN0-88192-526-8.  Informative and amusing adventures of 3 botanists looking for elusive cacti in remote areas.  But not really a travel book, it's interspersed with growing tips and anatomy and taxonomy  lessons, and is useful for beginners and professionals in the field.    

Flora Ilustrada Altoandina , La relación entre hombre, planta, y medio ambiente en el Ayllu Majasaya Mujlli (Prov. Tapacari, Dpto Cochabamba, Bolivia:  Pestalozzi and Torrez, 1998. ISBN 99905-48-00-5   Although written for an area of Andean Bolivia, the book contains line drawings, photos, and brief descriptions of many of the same genera and species found in the Lauca area.   In Spanish.  

Cactus and Succulent Journal   Included lately has been information focusing on cactus of Bolivia, with  some articles  coming on cactus of the high Andes of Peru.              

QUEPO is the journal of the Sociedad Peruana de Cactus y Suculentas.  Deals with cactus of Peru, and anything having to do with cactus of Peru such as art, ethnobotany, food, poetry, literature.  Support the conservation of cactus in Peru and subscribe. Information from Dr. Carlos Ostolaza fax 511 476 2102. Also Quepo has a page on cactus-mall.com

Plantas Altoandinas en la Flora Silvestre de Chile.  A. Hoffman, MK Arroyo, F. Liberona, M. Muñoz, J. Watson.  1998.  ISBN 956-7743-00-2  280 pp.  Illustrated with color drawings, covers from about 28 to 41 S latitude,  from about Copiapo to Osorno, high Andes habitats.  Many of the genera are also in the Lauca area. In Spanish.  This book, (along with Hoffman et al's other plant books like that on Cacti)  is available in most book stores in Santiago and well worth the price.                       

Guia de Arboles de Bolivia.  T. Killeen, E. Gargcia. E., S. Beck, editores.  1993.  Nearly 1,000 pp over trees of Bolivia, in Spanish with full page BW line drawings, lots of information.  42 page key to families.  Herbario Nacional de Bolivia and Missouri Botanical Garden.  http://www.mbgpress.org


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